Constants tutorial in C++

In C++, constants represent fixed values that do not change during the program's execution.

Constants are crucial for defining values that remain constant throughout a program, making code easier to read, maintain, and modify.

1. Defining Constants with const Keyword

The const keyword in C++ allows you to define variables whose values cannot be changed after initialization.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    const int MAX_USERS = 100;
    const float PI = 3.14159;

    cout << "Max users allowed: " << MAX_USERS << endl;
    cout << "Value of PI: " << PI << endl;

    // MAX_USERS = 200; // Uncommenting this will cause an error, as MAX_USERS is constant

    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• MAX_USERS and PI are defined as constants using the const keyword.
• Trying to modify MAX_USERS will result in a compilation error because it is constant.

Output:

Max users allowed: 100
Value of PI: 3.14159

2. Constants with constexpr

constexpr is a keyword introduced in C++11 that defines compile-time constants, ensuring that their values can be evaluated at compile time. This is useful for optimizing code.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

constexpr int square(int x) {
    return x * x;
}

int main() {
    constexpr int size = square(5); // Compile-time evaluation

    cout << "Square of 5: " << size << endl;
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• square is a constexpr function, meaning its result can be computed at compile time.
• size is initialized with square(5), evaluated at compile time.

Output:

Square of 5: 25

3. Constant Pointers

In C++, pointers can also be made constant in two ways:

• A constant pointer to a variable (int *const ptr): The pointer's address cannot be changed.
• A pointer to a constant variable (const int *ptr): The value at the address cannot be modified.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int value1 = 10;
    int value2 = 20;

    const int *ptr1 = &value1; // Pointer to a constant int
    int *const ptr2 = &value1; // Constant pointer to int

    // *ptr1 = 15; // Error: cannot modify value through ptr1
    ptr1 = &value2; // Allowed: ptr1 can point to a different address

    *ptr2 = 30; // Allowed: ptr2 can modify value1
    // ptr2 = &value2; // Error: cannot change address of ptr2

    cout << "ptr1 points to: " << *ptr1 << endl;
    cout << "ptr2 points to: " << *ptr2 << endl;
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• ptr1 is a pointer to a constant integer (const int *), so it can point to different variables, but cannot modify the value at the pointed address.
• ptr2 is a constant pointer to an integer (int *const), so it can modify the value but cannot point to a different address.

Output:

ptr1 points to: 20
ptr2 points to: 30

4. Constant References

A constant reference (const &) provides read-only access to the referenced variable. This is useful in functions where you want to prevent modification of the passed parameter.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void displayValue(const int &num) {
    // num++; // Error: num is a constant reference
    cout << "Value: " << num << endl;
}

int main() {
    int value = 42;
    displayValue(value);
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• displayValue accepts a const reference, so it cannot modify num.
• Constant references are efficient for passing large objects without copying them while preventing modifications.

Output:

Value: 42

5. Constants with #define Preprocessor Directive

The #define directive can be used to define constants, though it lacks the type-safety of const.

#include <iostream>
#define PI 3.14159
#define MAX_VALUE 100

int main() {
    std::cout << "Value of PI: " << PI << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Max value: " << MAX_VALUE << std::endl;

    // #define lacks scope and type-safety, so avoid it in modern C++ code
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• #define PI and MAX_VALUE are macros that replace PI and MAX_VALUE with their defined values throughout the code.
• Macros do not obey C++ scope rules and lack type safety, so const or constexpr are generally preferred.

Output:

Value of PI: 3.14159
Max value: 100

6. Using enum for Named Constants

An enum is a user-defined data type that consists of named integer constants, making code more readable.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

enum Day { MONDAY = 1, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY };

int main() {
    Day today = WEDNESDAY;

    cout << "Today is day number: " << today << endl;
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• Each enum value represents a constant integer, making it useful for representing options or states.
• By default, MONDAY starts at 1 and increments for each subsequent value.

Output:

Today is day number: 3

7. Constants with const in Classes

The const keyword can be used in classes to define constant member variables and functions that cannot modify the object’s state.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Circle {
public:
    const float PI = 3.14159; // Constant member variable
    float radius;

    Circle(float r) : radius(r) {}

    float area() const { // Constant member function
        return PI * radius * radius;
    }
};

int main() {
    Circle circle(5);
    cout << "Area of circle: " << circle.area() << endl;
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• PI is a constant member variable of the Circle class, and it cannot be modified.
• area is a const member function, meaning it cannot modify any member variables of the object.

Output:

Area of circle: 78.5398

8. Constant Static Members in Classes

Static members of a class can be constant, allowing the constant to be shared among all instances of the class.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Constants {
public:
    static const int MAX_USERS = 100;
};

int main() {
    cout << "Max users allowed: " << Constants::MAX_USERS << endl;
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• MAX_USERS is a static constant member, which is shared across all instances of the class and accessed via ClassName::MAX_USERS.

Output:

Max users allowed: 100

9. Inline Constants with inline and constexpr

In modern C++ (C++17 and later), inline variables can be used to define constants in header files without causing multiple-definition errors.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

inline constexpr int MAX_CONNECTIONS = 10;

int main() {
    cout << "Max connections: " << MAX_CONNECTIONS << endl;
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• inline constexpr allows MAX_CONNECTIONS to be defined in a header file, making it accessible across multiple translation units without causing linker errors.

Output:

Max connections: 10

10. Summary Table of Constants in C++

Complete

Example: Using Different Constants in C++

This example demonstrates various constant types in a C++ program.

#include <iostream>
#define PI 3.14159 // Define constant with macro
using namespace std;

class MathConstants {
public:
    static const int MAX_ITERATIONS = 100; // Static constant in class
    const double GOLDEN_RATIO = 1.61803;   // Constant member variable
};

enum Direction { NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST }; // Enum constants

constexpr int square(int x) { return x * x; } // constexpr function

int main() {
    const int MAX_USERS = 50;         // Const variable
    constexpr int AREA_SIZE = square(4); // constexpr variable
    inline constexpr int MAX_ITEMS = 5;   // inline constexpr variable

    MathConstants math;
    cout << "PI: " << PI << "\n";
    cout << "Golden Ratio: " << math.GOLDEN_RATIO << "\n";
    cout << "Square of 4: " << AREA_SIZE << "\n";
    cout << "Max users: " << MAX_USERS << "\n";
    cout << "Max items: " << MAX_ITEMS << "\n";
    cout << "Max iterations: " << MathConstants::MAX_ITERATIONS << "\n";
    cout << "Direction (EAST): " << EAST << endl;

    return 0;
}

Output:

PI: 3.14159
Golden Ratio: 1.61803
Square of 4: 16
Max users: 50
Max items: 5
Max iterations: 100
Direction (EAST): 2

Constants in C++ are useful for defining fixed values that improve code readability, maintainability, and performance.