Assignment operators in C tutorial with code examples

In C, assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

The most basic assignment operator is =, but C provides several compound assignment operators that combine assignment with arithmetic or bitwise operations.

1. Basic Assignment Operator (=)

The = operator assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left.

Example: Simple Assignment

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a = 10; // Assigns 10 to variable 'a'
    printf("Value of a: %d\n", a);

    a = 20; // Re-assigns 20 to 'a'
    printf("New value of a: %d\n", a);

    return 0;
}

In this example:

• a = 10 assigns 10 to a.
• a = 20 changes a's value to 20.

Output:

Value of a: 10
New value of a: 20

2. Compound Assignment Operators

Compound assignment operators combine basic arithmetic or bitwise operations with assignment. These operators provide a shorthand way to update a variable's value based on its current value.

List of Compound Assignment Operators

3. Examples of Arithmetic Compound Assignment Operators

Example: Using += and -= Operators

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a = 5;

    a += 3; // Equivalent to a = a + 3
    printf("After += 3, a = %d\n", a);

    a -= 2; // Equivalent to a = a - 2
    printf("After -= 2, a = %d\n", a);

    return 0;
}

In this example:

• a += 3 adds 3 to a, resulting in 8.
• a -= 2 subtracts 2 from a, resulting in 6.

Output:

After += 3, a = 8
After -= 2, a = 6

Example: Using *= and /= Operators

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int b = 10;

    b *= 2; // Equivalent to b = b * 2
    printf("After *= 2, b = %d\n", b);

    b /= 4; // Equivalent to b = b / 4
    printf("After /= 4, b = %d\n", b);

    return 0;
}

In this example:

• b *= 2 multiplies b by 2, resulting in 20.
• b /= 4 divides b by 4, resulting in 5.

Output:

After *= 2, b = 20
After /= 4, b = 5

Example: Using %= Operator

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int c = 17;

    c %= 5; // Equivalent to c = c % 5
    printf("After %= 5, c = %d\n", c);

    return 0;
}

In this example:

• c %= 5 finds the remainder when 17 is divided by 5, which is 2.

Output:

After %= 5, c = 2

4. Examples of Bitwise Compound Assignment Operators

Bitwise compound assignment operators are useful for low-level bit manipulation.

Example: Using &= Operator

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 6;     // Binary: 0110
    int y = 3;     // Binary: 0011

    x &= y; // Equivalent to x = x & y
    printf("After &= with y, x = %d\n", x); // Result: 2 (Binary: 0010)

    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• x &= y performs a bitwise AND, resulting in 2 (0010 in binary).

Output:

After &= with y, x = 2

Example: Using |= and ^= Operators

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int m = 4; // Binary: 0100
    int n = 1; // Binary: 0001

    m |= n; // Equivalent to m = m | n
    printf("After |= with n, m = %d\n", m); // Result: 5 (Binary: 0101)

    m ^= n; // Equivalent to m = m ^ n
    printf("After ^= with n, m = %d\n", m); // Result: 4 (Binary: 0100)

    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• m |= n results in 5 (0101 in binary) by performing bitwise OR.
• m ^= n returns 4 (0100 in binary) by performing bitwise XOR.

Output:

After |= with n, m = 5
After ^= with n, m = 4

5. Examples of Shift Compound Assignment Operators

Shift compound assignment operators move bits to the left or right.

Example: Using <<= Operator (Left Shift)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int num = 3; // Binary: 0011

    num <<= 2; // Equivalent to num = num << 2
    printf("After <<= 2, num = %d\n", num); // Result: 12 (Binary: 1100)

    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• num <<= 2 shifts num two bits to the left, effectively multiplying it by 2^2 (or 4), resulting in 12.

Output:

After <<= 2, num = 12

Example: Using >>= Operator (Right Shift)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int num = 16; // Binary: 10000

    num >>= 2; // Equivalent to num = num >> 2
    printf("After >>= 2, num = %d\n", num); // Result: 4 (Binary: 00100)

    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• num >>= 2 shifts num two bits to the right, effectively dividing it by 2^2 (or 4), resulting in 4.

Output:

After >>= 2, num = 4

6. Using Compound Assignment Operators in Expressions

Compound assignment operators can be used in complex expressions and even inside loops.

Example: Compound Assignment in Expressions

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a = 5, b = 10, result;

    result = (a += 3) * (b -= 2); // a is 8, b is 8, so result = 8 * 8

    printf("a = %d, b = %d, result = %d\n", a, b, result);

    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• a += 3 changes a to 8.
• b -= 2 changes b to 8.
• result = 8 * 8, resulting in 64.

Output:

a = 8, b = 8, result = 64

7. Using Compound Assignment Operators in Loops

Compound assignment operators can simplify loop counters and operations.

Example: Using += in a for Loop

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int sum = 0;

    for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2) {
        sum += i; // Adds each odd number to sum
    }

    printf("Sum of odd numbers from 1 to 10: %d\n", sum);

    return 0;
}

Explanation:

• i += 2 increments i by 2 each time, adding only odd numbers to sum.
• sum += i updates sum by adding i's value at each step.

Output:

Sum of odd numbers from 1 to

 10: 25

Summary Table

Complete Example: Compound Assignment in Various Operations

This program demonstrates each compound assignment operator.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int num = 10;

    num += 5;
    printf("After += 5, num = %d\n", num);

    num -= 3;
    printf("After -= 3, num = %d\n", num);

    num *= 2;
    printf("After *= 2, num = %d\n", num);

    num /= 4;
    printf("After /= 4, num = %d\n", num);

    num %= 3;
    printf("After %%= 3, num = %d\n", num);

    num &= 2;
    printf("After &= 2, num = %d\n", num);

    num |= 4;
    printf("After |= 4, num = %d\n", num);

    num ^= 1;
    printf("After ^= 1, num = %d\n", num);

    num <<= 1;
    printf("After <<= 1, num = %d\n", num);

    num >>= 2;
    printf("After >>= 2, num = %d\n", num);

    return 0;
}

This example demonstrates the effect of each compound assignment operator, showing how they modify num’s value in different ways.